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Related Music Theory Alchemy

“Penny Lane” by The Beatles is a pop rock song released in 1967. Musically, the track displays characteristics of the “Baroque pop” style combine with psychedelic pop. The composition is multifaceted with complex chord progressions inspired by classical music, as well as elements of the British music hall style, specifically brass band influences throughout.

“The Long And Winding Road” is in the key of D major. The chords are quite typical of pop music, however, The Beatles use of extensions and suspensions provide a unique complexity to the progression. The song dabbles in modal interchange as it borrows chords from parallel minor, a popular Beatles technique.

The song “Hallelujah” written by Leonard Cohen and popularly covered by Jeff Buckley is a solemn ballad consisting of poetic lyrics set to a haunting melody. This particular chord progression in Verse 4 highlights the song’s delicate balance between tension and resolution. The tonality revolves around C major, with deviations into other tonal areas, which adds complexity and emotional impact.

The chord progression in Daniel Caesar’s “Get You” from Verse 4 features a mixture of diatonic chords and borrowed chords from parallel modes. The progression showcases a smooth, soulful, and somewhat melancholic atmosphere that blends elements of R&B, jazz, and neo-soul.

“Start Me Up” by The Rolling Stones is a classic rock song that utilizes a common I-IV chord progression primarily in the key of D major. Like many rock songs from their era, the arrangement is simple yet effective, designed to showcase the strong rhythm and melody rather than complex harmonies.

The Beatles – Penny Lane – Verse 4

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Chord Progression

[‘A’, ‘F#m’, ‘Bm’, ‘E7’, ‘A’, ‘F#m’, ‘Am’, ‘F’, ‘E7’]

Chord Progression Analysis

“`
A (I),
F#m (vi),
Bm (ii),
E7 (V7/vi),
A (I),
F#m (vi),
Am (bVI – borrowed from A minor),
F (bVI – borrowed from A minor, tritone substitution of B7),
E7 (V7),
“`

Similar Chord Progressions

1. “Isn’t She Lovely” by Stevie Wonder:
“`
A (I),
F#m (vi),
Bm/E (ii/V),
E7 (V7),
A (I),
D/A (IV),
Fsus7(#11),
F7(#11)
“`

2. “I Will Always Love You” by Whitney Houston:
“`
A (I),
F#m7 (vi7),
Bm7 (ii7),
E7 (V7),
Dmaj7 (IVmaj7),
Gmaj7 (bVII),
Bm7 (ii7),
C#m7b5 (viio7b5),
Dmaj7 (IVmaj7),
Dm7 (IVm7)
— borrowed from A minor
“`

Both songs contain similar I-vi-ii-V7 sequences and use of borrowed chords/modal interchange; Stevie Wonder also uses an Fsus7(#11) as a tritone substitution for the dominant B7 similar to the Beatles’ usage of F in place of B7.

Notice how both of them and The Beatles blend pop, jazz, and classical elements together in their music, by incorporating advanced harmony and unique chord progressions.

Musical Analysis

The chord progression starts normally, with a I-vi-ii-V7 sequence which is common in many pop songs (also known as a circle progression). However, The Beatles used an E7 as a secondary dominant to point towards the vi chord, F#m. This enhances the harmonic movement and creates stronger tension and resolution. The song also uses modal interchange when it borrows Am and F from the parallel minor key (A minor). The substitution of F for B7 is a particular feature known as tritone substitution, common in jazz.

Overall Analysis

The song “Penny Lane” written by the Beatles is in the key of A major. The structure of Verse 4, specifically, has a very effective use of both diatonic (belonging naturally to the key) and borrowed chords (taken from a different key or mode). They have incorporated secondary dominants, pivot modulation, and modal interchange which reflect their knowledge of musical theory and compositional skills.

Style Analysis

The Beatles often used secondary dominants, modal interchange, and tritone substitutions in their songs to add harmonic interest, reflecting their advanced understanding of music theory. They were known for their innovative and unique blending of elements from different music styles – pop, blues, and classical – in their compositions.

Chords in the Verse 4 section of Penny Lane by The Beatles are:

[‘A’, ‘F#m’, ‘Bm’, ‘E7’, ‘A’, ‘F#m’, ‘Am’, ‘F’, ‘E7’]