Music Theory Alchemy

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“Yesterday” is predominantly composed in the key of F Major. The song is a classic in pop songwriting and showcases the effective use of borrowed chords to capture a unique, nostalgic sound that has made it one of the most covered songs in pop music. Specifically, in this verse, the use of secondary dominants and borrowed chords from the parallel minor key provides the song’s distinctive tonal color.

“I Am The Walrus” is a composition by The Beatles in which the song varies in key and progressive elements, with fascinating uses of borrowed chords from parallel modes and chromatic bass motion. The melody resides predominantly within a pentatonic framework, frequently rotating around subversions. The Bridge section beautifully showcases Beatles’ experimentation with descending chord progression built around chromatic movement.

“When Doves Cry” by Prince features an unorthodox chord progression compared to many pop or rock songs from the era. The chord progression in the Outro as well as throughout the song remains constant, which underscores the plaintive mood of the song and lyrics. The progression: Em – F – G in the Outro contains borrowed chords from the parallel minor. This introduces a sense of ambiguity to the overall tonality.

Kali Uchis’ “Telepatia” features a relatively simple two-chord progression in the outro, consisting of a major seventh chord followed by a dominant seventh chord. The harmonic texture is sparse yet effective, with a unique, ethereal atmosphere created by the interplay between the two chords.

The outro of ‘Hey Jude’ by The Beatles is a prime example of a repeated chord progression, specifically a repeated loop of D-C-G-D. This progression is repeated throughout the last significant section of the song, often referred to as the “na na na” section, essentially becoming a kind of mantra or chant that brings the song to a sustained and palpable resolution.

The Beatles – Yesterday – Outro

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Chord Progression

[‘Dm’, ‘G7’, ‘Bb’, ‘F’, ‘F’]

Chord Progression Analysis

In the context of the key of F Major:

1. D minor: Dm (‘vi)
2. G Dominant 7: G7 (‘V7)
3. B-flat Major: Bb (‘IV)
4. F Major: F (‘I)

“Dm – G7 – Bb – F – F”

Similar Chord Progressions

“Ain’t No Sunshine” by Bill Withers, another melancholic pop song, follows a similar chord progression:

Dm – E7 – Am – Am

This song, while in the key of Am, employs the relative major’s (C Major) Dominant 7th and similar to Yesterday, makes use of the relative minor at the start of the progression.

Musical Analysis

This progression begins with the relative minor (Dm), which sets a somewhat melancholic tone, typically associated with the minor key. This melancholy is made more complex moving to the dominant 7th (G7), which introduces slight tension due to the tritone interval between the 3rd and the 7th of the chord. This tension is then briefly released with a move to Bb, the subdominant of the key. This release is made final with the move to the tonic F major. The final tonic is repeated twice to emphasize stability.

Overall Analysis

“Yesterday” by The Beatles is a classic Pop song in F Major maintaining a 2/2 time signature. The song changes the chords frequently to create a rich harmonic texture, and is known for its iconic descending guitar melody.

Style Analysis

“Yesterday” is noted for its melancholic mood, primarily established through its chord progression that begins on the relative minor. Although in a major key, the song turns to minor and dominant 7th chords for a more complex harmonic narrative. Authorial traits of The Beatles manifest in this song with the frequent use of the sub-dominant chord, Bb, often employed to create a sense of conclusion and tranquillity.

Chords in the Outro section of Yesterday by The Beatles are:

[‘Dm’, ‘G7’, ‘Bb’, ‘F’, ‘F’]