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“Penny Lane,” written by the Beatles, utilizes key changes and borrowed chords to create an interesting and complex tonal palette. The song is best understood to primarily be in the key of A Major; however, it frequently borrows chords from the parallel minor key, uses unexpected dominant chords, and briefly modulates to other key areas for color and variety. This is characteristic of several Beatles songs, and it’s one of the ways they added complexity to their music while still remaining accessible.

The song “Hurt” by Nine Inch Nails is in the key of B minor. The verse has a simple yet effective chord progression that revolves mainly around the i, III, and IV chords with a slight deviation towards the end. The chorus is characterized by a i-VII-III-VI progression with a slight extension. The outro mostly repeats the verse progression but is shorter.

The chord progression for the verse of “Kids” by MGMT is a simple and diatonic progression in the key of A major, following the vi-IV-I-V pattern. It is common in pop music and creates a sense of tension and release throughout the progression. The chords are played using predominantly major and minor triads, with an inversion in the V chord (E/G#).

“Anti-Hero,” a standout track from Taylor Swift, exemplifies her mature songwriting style that merges introspective lyrics with intricate harmonies. This song’s verse utilizes a chord progression that creates a rich emotional landscape, perfectly complementing the themes of self-reflection and personal imperfection. The progression, while rooted in the traditional pop structure, employs extended chords to enhance its lyrical narrative, adding layers of complexity that resonate with listeners.

The Beatles – All You Need Is Love – Verse

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Chord Progression

[‘G’, ‘D’, ‘Em’, ‘G’, ‘D’, ‘Em’, ‘Am’, ‘G’, ‘D’, ‘D’, ‘D7’, ‘D6’, ‘D’, ‘G’, ‘D’, ‘Em’, ‘G’, ‘D’, ‘Em’, ‘Am’, ‘G’, ‘D’, ‘D’, ‘D7’, ‘D6’, ‘D’]

Chord Progression Analysis

“`
– G Major (I)
– D Major (V)
– E minor (vi)
– G Major (I)
– D Major (V)
– E minor (vi)
– A minor (ii from borrowed G Mixolydian scale)
– G Major (I)
– D Major (V)
– D Major (V)
– D7 (V7 from borrowed D Mixolydian scale)
– D6 (V6 from borrowed D Mixolydian scale)
– D Major (V)
“`

Chord Progression:
“`
I – V – vi – I – V – vi – ii* – I – V – V – V7* – V6* – V
“`
(* indicates borrowed chords)

Similar Chord Progressions

“The Stones – Paint It Black” has a similar progression in the key of D minor. It borrows elements from the D Phrygian mode in a sense similar to how The Beatles employed the Mixolydian mode in “All You Need Is Love”.
“`
– E minor (v)
– D Major (IV)
– E minor (v)
– D Major (IV)
– A minor (iv from borrowed D Phrygian scale)
– E minor (v)
– D Major (IV)
– D Major (IV)
– D7 (IV7)
– D6 (IV6)
– D Major (IV)
“`

Chord Progression:
“`
v – IV – v – IV – iv* – v – IV – IV – IV7 – IV6 – IV
“`
(* indicates borrowed chords)

Musical Analysis

The progression opens and closes on the tonic chord (G major), establishing a clear sense of the home key. The movement from G to D (I-V) is a traditional cadence that drives the melody forward. The Am chord serves as a borrowed chord from the Mixolydian mode of G. The D7 and D6 chords are borrowed from the Mixolydian mode of D, providing a slight twist of character within the progression. The consistent inclusion of the V – I plagal cadence adds to the anthemic quality of the song.

Overall Analysis

“All You Need Is Love” is in the key of G major. The song primarily uses the chords within the key signature and has a relatively simple harmonic structure. However, the song does utilize a few distinct chord choices that contribute to its unique sonic character. The song applies modal interchange with an inclusion of A minor from the G Mixolydian mode and the D7 and D6 which evoke a hint of the D Mixolydian mode.

Style Analysis

The Beatles frequently played with Modal Interchange and borrowed chords in their songwriting, which is seen in this song. The Mixolydian mode, in particular, is a common choice for them, offering a major chapter sound with a flattened 7th degree for added bluesy feel. Furthermore, the reiteration of the same sequence enhances the song’s sing-along character at the heart of the Beatles public image.

Chords in the Verse section of All You Need Is Love by The Beatles are:

[‘G’, ‘D’, ‘Em’, ‘G’, ‘D’, ‘Em’, ‘Am’, ‘G’, ‘D’, ‘D’, ‘D7’, ‘D6’, ‘D’, ‘G’, ‘D’, ‘Em’, ‘G’, ‘D’, ‘Em’, ‘Am’, ‘G’, ‘D’, ‘D’, ‘D7’, ‘D6’, ‘D’]