Music Theory Alchemy

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“Hurt” is a song written and composed by Trent Reznor, best known for its version covered by Johnny Cash in C major. The song employs a commonly used pop/rock chord progression (vi- IV- I- V), that aids the conveyance of the theme of regret and redemption. The use of the minor vi chord (Am) as the starting point of the progression provides a very melancholy feel that aligns with the overall tone of regret in the lyrics. The progression then moves to a major IV (F), suggestive of a brief glimpse of hope or relief, before settling into the home key of C. The progression rounds off with a V chord (G), propelling the sequence back to the beginning again, giving a cyclic, repeating, and enduring feel to the music.

The song “Closer” by Nine Inch Nails is in the key of B major. The primary chords used throughout the song are: B major (I), C# major (II), G major (bVI), E major (IV), F# major (V), and C (bII). The chords progression is unconventional when compared to traditional music theory. This unconventional use of chords and progressions creates a unique and distinct sound that characterizes the song.

Chord Analysis (Pre-Chorus):

The chord progression in the pre-chorus, which is also found in the verse, would be:
B major (I) – C# major (II) – B major (I) – C# major (II) – B major (I) – C# major (II) – B major (I) – C# major (II) – G major (bVI) – B major (I) – C# major (II) – B major (I) – C# major (II) – B major (I) – C# major (II) – B major (I) – C# major (II) – G major (bVI) – B major (I) – C# major (II) – B major (I) – C# major (II) – B major (I) – C# major (II) – B major (I) – C# major (II) – G major (bVI) – B major (I) – C# major (II) – B major (I) – C# major (II) – B major (I) – C# major (II)

Borrowed Chord:

G major (bVI) is a borrowed chord from B minor, the parallel minor of B major in this song.

Patterns in music are fundamental for creating musical identity. This repetition ensures the music is coherent and familiar for the listener. In the case of “Perfect” by Smashing Pumpkins, the song makes use of a common popular music chord progression known as the I – vi progression.

The outro of ‘Hey Jude’ by The Beatles is a prime example of a repeated chord progression, specifically a repeated loop of D-C-G-D. This progression is repeated throughout the last significant section of the song, often referred to as the “na na na” section, essentially becoming a kind of mantra or chant that brings the song to a sustained and palpable resolution.

“Dazed and Confused” by Led Zeppelin is an iconic rock song that features a descending bass line and bluesy chord progressions. The outro takes on a more aggressive tone and the chords are power chords, which give the song a heavy sound. These power chords, mixed with the syncopated rhythm and the blues-rock influences, contribute to the song’s unique character.

Nine Inch Nails – Hurt – Outro

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Chord Progression

[‘D’, ‘E’, ‘Bm’, ‘D’, ‘E’, ‘Bm’, ‘D’, ‘E’, ‘Bm’, ‘D’, ‘E’]

Chord Progression Analysis

The outro of this piece follows a three-chord progression for the most part, with a repetition of the sequence D, E, Bm. This would be an IV-v-i progression in the key of B Minor. Translates to:
“`bash
D Major (‘IV’)
E Major (‘v’)
B Minor (‘i’)
“`
For reference, the v chord is actually a borrowed chord from the parallel major key of B Major, as the natural state in a minor key would have been E minor.

Similar Chord Progressions

Many songs utilize similar chord progressions. The IV-v-i progression finds a close relative in the IV-V-I progression, synonymous with songs like “Let it Be” by the Beatles. The difference lies in the final chord being major instead of minor. Another song demonstrating a chromatic mediants relationship similar to D, E, Bm would be “Creep” by Radiohead.

“Let it Be” by The Beatles:
“`bash
C Major (IV)
G Major (V)
F Major (I)
“`
“Creep” by Radiohead:
“`bash
G Major (‘I’)
B Major (‘III’)
C Major (‘IV’)
C Minor (‘iv’)
“`

This IV-v-i progression used in “Hurt” is fairly unique in the sense that it uses the major V instead of the expected minor v in a minor key. The borrowed chord combined with the melancholic B minor allows Nine Inch Nails to craft a hauntingly beautiful soundscape, characteristic of their music.

Musical Analysis

The D major and E major chords lend a sense of uplifting resolve since both chords are principals in the parent scale of B minor. This, coupled with the heavy use of B minor creates a deep, melancholic mood that is typical for Nine Inch Nails and their dark alternative brand of rock music. The progression doesn’t leave the tonic B Minor too far behind, giving the song a somber atmosphere.

Overall Analysis

“Hurt”, written by Nine Inch Nails, exudes melancholy and despair through a slow progression that weaves intricate melodies between the chords. The tonality is primarily in B minor, but introduces D, E, A, and G chords throughout, indicating some mode mixture or borrowed chord use.

Style Analysis

“Hurt” encapsulates the industrial rock style of Nine Inch Nails, which combines elements of rock with electronic music. The simple, repetitive chord progression gives room for the haunting lyrics and intense, emotional vocals. The use of the borrowed chord helps create an unexpected shift in the tonality, adding to the unsettling nature of the music.

Chords in the Outro section of Hurt by Nine Inch Nails are:

[‘D’, ‘E’, ‘Bm’, ‘D’, ‘E’, ‘Bm’, ‘D’, ‘E’, ‘Bm’, ‘D’, ‘E’]