Music Theory Alchemy

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“Stairway to Heaven” is a well-known song by Led Zeppelin, released in 1971 on their untitled fourth album, which is often referred to as “Led Zeppelin IV” or “Zoso.” The song, composed by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant, is a complex piece with various sections and stylistic influences. The section under analysis, Bridge 2, is a chord progression that serves as a connecting passage between the more tranquil sections of the song and the harder, rock aspects that follow. The chords are built on diatonic and chromatic elements, showcasing the band’s skill in creating evocative harmonic progressions.

“Whole Lotta Love” by Led Zeppelin is a classic rock song with a strong blues influence. It features a heavy riff-based progression and a powerful vocal performance by Robert Plant. The song is in the key of E Mixolydian, a mode based on the fifth degree of the A Major scale, and exhibits a heavy use of syncopation, pentatonic scales, and chromaticism throughout its structure. The rich harmonic language and distorted guitar tone makes the song an excellent example of the emerging Hard Rock and Heavy Metal styles of the late 1960s and early 1970s.

“Penny Lane” by The Beatles is an eclectic and elegant piece of music evident in its rhythm, harmony, melody, and lyrics. It is predominantly in the key of A Major, but it has several key changes and introduces chords that are non-diatonic, giving it a progressive and unexpected feel.

The chord progression for Verse 3 of “Hey Joe” by Jimi Hendrix is a repeating pattern of C, G, D, A, E. The progression employs one borrowed chord and is loosely structured around the circle of fifths. The song features a blues-rock style, with a heavy emphasis on guitar playing and expressive solos.

“Wicked Game” has a distinct melancholic tone facilitated by the minor chord progression. The repeating pattern enhances the hypnotic sense of longing Isaak is known for. Isaak’s use of reverb and echo effects on the electric guitar contributes to the “dreamy” and somewhat eerie atmosphere of the song.

Led Zeppelin – Stairway To Heaven – Verse 3

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Chord Progression

C, G, Am, C, G, Fmaj7, Am, C, G, Am, C, G, Fmaj7, Am, C, G

Chord Progression Analysis

C Major (I)
G Major (V)
A minor (vi)
C Major (I)
G Major (V)
F Major 7 (IV^7)
A minor (vi)
C Major (I)
G Major (V)
A minor (vi)
C Major (I)
G Major (V)
F Major 7 (IV^7)
A minor (vi)
C Major (I)
G Major (V)

Borrowed chords: N/A (All chords in this progression are diatonic to the key of C major)

Similar Chord Progressions

1. The Beatles – Let It Be
C Major (I)
G Major (V)
A minor (vi)
F Major (IV)
C Major (I)
G Major (V)
F Major (IV)
C Major (I)

2. Elton John – Your Song
E flat major (I)
B flat major (IV)
E flat major (I)
A flat major (♭VII)
A flat major (♭VII)
E flat major (I)
B flat major (IV)
E flat major (I)

While these examples have their distinct elements, they share similarities with the progression from “Stairway to Heaven” in their use of diatonic chords, and the interplay between major and minor chords to create tension and resolution.

Musical Analysis

The verse begins with a classic I-V-vi progression, giving a sense of grounding and establishing the tonal center as C major. The repeated alternation between the I and V chords provides stability, while the use of the vi chord adds an emotional depth due to its relative minor quality. The introduction of the IV^7 chord adds tension, as the 7th note in the chord creates a stronger pull and desire for resolution, especially before returning to the vi chord. This progression helps guide the listener on a sonic journey, with the chords working together to build tension and release throughout the verse.

Overall Analysis

The chord progression for verse 3 of Led Zeppelin’s “Stairway to Heaven” utilizes multiple techniques to create a rich and emotive sound. These techniques include diatonic chords, borrowed chords, and extended harmony. The progression follows a general pattern, with a repeated structure that helps unify the verse.

Style Analysis

“Stairway to Heaven” is a prime example of progressive rock, with its complex and intricate use of harmony, melody, and texture. The chords in this progression are typical of the 1970s rock aesthetic, with an emphasis on atmospheric and emotional depth. The use of extended harmony underscores the sophistication of the composition, creating a sense of expansiveness and adding color to the overall sound.

Chords in the Verse 3 section of Stairway To Heaven by Led Zeppelin are:

C, G, Am, C, G, Fmaj7, Am, C, G, Am, C, G, Fmaj7, Am, C, G